CSES Salary Queries
// compile: make data
// run: ./data < data.in
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
#pragma GCC optimize("O3,unroll-loops")
#pragma GCC target("avx2,bmi,bmi2,lzcnt,popcnt")
#ifdef LOCAL
#include <debug/codeforces.h>
#define debug(x...) _debug_print(#x, x);
#define Debug(x...) _debug_print_format(#x, x);
#else
#define debug(x...)
#define Debug(x...)
#endif
template<typename...Args> void print_(Args...args){((cout<<args<<" "),...)<<endl;}
#define VI vector<int>
#define VII vector<vector<int>>
#define VIII vector<vector<vector<int>>>
#define rep(i,a,b) for(int i=(a);i<(int)(b);++i)
#define sz(v) ((int)(v).size())
#define print(...) print_(__VA_ARGS__);
#define FIND(a, x) ((find(a.begin(),a.end(),(x))!=a.end())?1:0)
#define cmin(x,...) x=min({(x), __VA_ARGS__})
#define cmax(x,...) x=max({(x), __VA_ARGS__})
#define INTMAX (int)(9223372036854775807)
#define INF (int)(1152921504606846976)
#define NaN (int)(0x8b88e1d0595d51d1)
#define double long double
#define int long long
#define MAXN 200010
 
struct Splay {
    struct node {
        int rk, size, val, sum, cnt;
        node *ch[2], *parent;
    };
    node *newnode(int rank, int val) {
        node *x = &datalist[total++];
        x->rk = rank, x->val = val;
        x->ch[0] = x->ch[1] = x->parent = nullptr;
        x->cnt = 1;
        return x;
    }
    node *root = nullptr;
    int total = 0;
    vector<node> datalist;
    vector<int> address;
    Splay(int n) {
        datalist.resize(n);
    }
    int get(node *x) {return x->parent->ch[1] == x; }
 
    int getsize(node *x) {return x ? x->size : 0; }
    int getsum(node *x) {return x ? x->sum : 0; }
    void pushup(node *x) {
        if (!x) return;
        x->size = getsize(x->ch[0]) + getsize(x->ch[1]) + x->cnt;
        x->sum = getsum(x->ch[0]) + getsum(x->ch[1]) + x->val*x->cnt;
    }
    void pushdown(node *x) {
 
    }
    void rotate(node *x) {
        node *y = x->parent;
        node *z = y->parent;
        int t = get(x);
        y->ch[t] = x->ch[t ^ 1];
        if (x->ch[t ^ 1]) x->ch[t ^ 1]->parent = y;
        x->ch[t ^ 1] = y;
        y->parent = x;
        if (z) z->ch[y == z->ch[1]] = x;
        x->parent = z;
        pushup(y);
        pushup(x);
    }
    void splay(node *x, node *target) {
        for (node *f; f = x->parent, f != target; rotate(x)) {
            if (f->parent != target) rotate(get(x) == get(f) ? f : x);
        }
        if (!target) root = x;
    }
    void insert(int rank, int val, int id) {
        if (!root) {
            root = newnode(rank, val);
            return;
        }
        node *x = root;
        for (; ; x = x->ch[rank > x->rk]) {
            if (x->rk == rank) {
                address[id] = x - &datalist[0];
                ++x->cnt;
                pushup(x);
                pushup(x->parent);
                splay(x, nullptr);
                return;
            }
            if (!x->ch[rank > x->rk]) {
                address[id] = total;
                x->ch[rank > x->rk] = newnode(rank, val);
                x->ch[rank > x->rk]->parent = x;
                //
                pushup(x->ch[rank > x->rk]);
                pushup(x);
                //
                splay(x->ch[rank > x->rk], nullptr);
                return;
            }
        }
    }
    node *kth(int k) { // 0-index
        node *x = root; pushdown(x);
        for (pushdown(x); ; pushdown(x)) {
            if (k == getsize(x->ch[0])) return x;
            if (k < getsize(x->ch[0])) x = x->ch[0];
            else k -= getsize(x->ch[0]) + 1, x = x->ch[1];
        }
        return nullptr;
    }
    // void remove(int l, int r) {
    //     splay(kth(l - 1), nullptr);
    //     splay(kth(r + 1), root);
    //     root->ch[1]->ch[0] = nullptr;
    //     splay(root->ch[1], nullptr);
    // }
    node *predecessor(node *x) {
        if (x->ch[0]) {
            x = x->ch[0];
            while (x->ch[1]) x = x->ch[1];
            return x;
        }
        while (x->parent && x->parent->ch[0] == x) x = x->parent;
        return x->parent;
    }
    node *successor(node *x) {
        if (x->ch[1]) {
            x = x->ch[1];
            while (x->ch[0]) x = x->ch[0];
            return x;
        }
        while (x->parent && x->parent->ch[1] == x) x = x->parent;
        return x->parent;
    }
    void remove(node *x) {
        if (x->cnt > 1) {
            --x->cnt;
            pushup(x);
            splay(x, nullptr);
            return;
        }
        splay(predecessor(x), nullptr);
        splay(successor(x), root);
        root->ch[1]->ch[0] = nullptr;
        pushup(root->ch[1]);
        splay(root->ch[1], nullptr);
    }
    void graphviz_dump(string filename = "graph.dot") {
        FILE *f = fopen(filename.c_str(), "w");
        fprintf(f, "digraph {\n");
        rep(i, 0, total) {
            node *x = &datalist[i];
            fprintf(f, "    %lld;\n");
        }
        rep(i, 0, total) {
            node *x = &datalist[i];
            if (x->ch[0]) fprintf(f, "    %lld -> %ld;\n", i, x->ch[0] - &datalist[0]);
            if (x->ch[1]) fprintf(f, "    %lld -> %ld;\n", i, x->ch[1] - &datalist[0]);
        }
        fprintf(f, "}\n");
    }
    void op1(int k, int val) {
        node *x = &datalist[address[k]];
        remove(x);
        insert(val, val, k);
    }
    int op2(int a, int b) {
        node *l = nullptr, *r = nullptr;
        node *x = root;
        for (pushdown(x); x; pushdown(x)) {
            if (x->rk >= a) x = x->ch[0];
            else l = x, x = x->ch[1];
        }
        x = root;
        for (pushdown(x); x; pushdown(x)) {
            if (x->rk <= b) x = x->ch[1];
            else r = x, x = x->ch[0];
        }
        splay(l, nullptr);
        splay(r, root);
        return getsize(root->ch[1]->ch[0]);
    }
};
 
int32_t main() {
    ios::sync_with_stdio(false); cin.tie(nullptr); cout.tie(nullptr);
 
    int n, q; cin >> n >> q;
    Splay t(n+q+2); t.address.resize(n+2);
    rep(i, 0, n) {
        int x; cin >> x;
        t.insert(x, x, i);
    }
    t.insert(-INF, -INF, n), t.insert(INF, INF, n+1);
 
    while (q--) {
        string op; int a, b;
        cin >> op >> a >> b;
        if (op[0] == '!') t.op1(a-1, b);
        else printf("%lld\n", t.op2(a, b));
    }
 
    return 0;
}
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Source: github.com/k4yt3x/flowerhd
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